Table 1

Study Characteristics and Effect Sizes

Effect Sizes

Psychological

Life

Author(s)

N

Moderators

Intervention/Sample

Hope

Distress

Satisfaction

Berg et al. (2008)

172

1/1/2/3/1/1/2/1/1

Hope intervention/guided imagery for college students

.42

Bouwkamp (2001)

30

2/1/1/3/2/1/1/2/2

Making Hope Happen program for high school students

.10

Buchanan (2007)

20

1/1/1/1/2/1/1/2/2

Making Hope Happen program for youths in special education

-.64

-.14

Buckland (2010)

12

2/2/2/1/1/1/1/2/2

Hope-based intervention for adults with schizophrenia

.40

Cheavens et al. (2006)

32

1/1/2/3/2/1/1/2/1

Hope enhancement group for adults from the community

.34

.42

.01

Coppock et al. (2010)a

43

2/1/2/1/1/2/1/2/1

Hope-based therapy for adult psychiatric outpatients

.11

Curry & Snyder (2000)

186

2/1/2/3/2/1/2/2/1

Hope enhancement intervention for college students

.38

.21

Duggleby et al. (2007)

58

1/2/2/2/1/1/1/1/1

Living with Hope Program for adults with terminal cancer

.43

.43

Herth (2000)a

75

2/2/2/2/2/1/1/2/1

Hope Intervention Program for adults with recurrent cancer

.38

.23

Irving et al. (2004)

98

1/1/2/1/2/1/1/2/1

Hope-based group therapy for adult psychiatric outpatients

.00

.00

.00

Kirschman et al.(2010)

391

2/1/1/1/2/2/1/2/1

Hope-based summer camp for at-risk youth

.20

Klausner et al. (1998)

13

1/1/2/1/2/1/1/2/1

Goal-focused group therapy for older adults with depression

.38

.40

McDowell (2009)

7

2/1/2/2/1/1/1/2/2

Hope intervention/guided imagery for stroke patients

1.40

McNeal et al. (2006)

155

2/1/1/1/2/2/1/2/1

Hope-based group therapy for youth in residential treatment

.31

Nedderman et al. (2010)

39

2/2/2/1/2/1/1/2/1

Hope-based group therapy for incarcerated women

.31

Pedrotti (2008)

104

2/1/1/3/2/1/1/2/1

Making Hope Happen program for junior high school students

.11

Pretorius et al. (2008)

24

2/1/2/3/2/1/1/2/1

Hope enhancement group for adults from the community

.94

-.10

-.20

Ripley & Worthington (2002)

43

2/1/2/3/2/1/1/2/1

Hope-based couples therapy for adults from the community

.07

Robitschek (1996)b

98

2/1/1/1/2/2/2/1/1

Hope enhancement program for at-risk youths

.44

Rustoen et al. (1998)c

96

1/2/2/2/2/1/1/2/1

Hope intervention program for adults with cancer

.35

.10

Rustoen et al. (2010)c

194

2/2/2/2/2/1/1/2/1

Hope intervention program for women with breast cancer

.08

Snyder et al. (1996a)d

60

1/1/2/3/1/1/2/1/1

Goal pursuit task involving college students

.14

Snyder et al. (1996b)d

60

1/1/2/3/1/1/2/1/1

Recall of successful goal pursuit involving college students

.31

Trump (1997)

42

1/1/2/1/2/1/1/1/2

Hopeful narratives for adult survivors of incest

.34

-.06

.34

Vlach (2006)

27

2/1/2/1/1/1/1/2/2

Hope-based journaling intervention for psychiatric outpatients

-.05

-.15

Wilson et al. (2010)

15

1/2/2/1/1/1/1/2/1

Hope-based intervention for depressed nursing home residents

-.10

-.02

Ziv et al. (2011)

60

1/1/2/3/1/1/2/1/1

Exposure to positive music for college students

.53

.27

.07

Effect sizes are reported as Cohen's d. For standardized mean differences, Cohen's d has been corrected to control for sample size bias. Moderator codes are as follows: (a) research design, 1 = experimental, 2 = quasi-experimental; (b) outcome measure, 1 = Snyder Hope Scale, 2 = Herth Hope Scale; (c) age of participants, 1 = child/adolescent, 2 = adult; (d) recruitment of participants, 1 = psychiatric or medical facility, 2 = school, university, or community; (e) delivery of intervention, 1 = individual, 2 = group; (f) manualized intervention, 1 = manual/protocol, 2 = no manual/protocol; (g) context of intervention, 1 = mental health or medical professional in clinic/hospital, 2 = researcher or research assistant in research setting; (h) dose of intervention, 1 = single session, 2 = multiple sessions; (i) publication status, 1 = published, 2 = unpublished dissertation.

a Examined changes in hope from first to last session.

b Outcomes assessed immediately after the intervention.

c Mean effect size for agency and pathways scores reported separately in the manuscript.

d Hope-enhancement group compared to no-treatment control group.

Weis and Speridakos Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice 2011 1:5   doi:10.1186/2211-1522-1-5